In this case study performed in Flemish dairy herds, it is shown that lactation stage, farmtype (grazing (fresh grass) or zero-grazing) and season are interrelated factors associated withcirculating β-carotene (bC) and Vitamin E (VitE) concentrations. The iCheck bC is an easy applicablecow-side test to evaluate a cow’s bC status. One third of the dairy cows in the study haddeficiencies in circulating bC and VitE, especially cows in early lactation and cows from zerograzingfarms. Fresh grass in the diet could not resolve the early post-partum decline in plasmabC and VitE. However, the bC and VitE statuses of dry cows were significantly better on grazingfarms. These findings can help updating antioxidant recommendations since it is clear that thereis a need for optimization of antioxidant nutritional management in the Flemish dairy industryin order to feed for optimal dairy cow health.